Free will VS. Determinisim
Freewill = individuals can control their behaviour and they have responsibility for their choices and outcomes, e.g. kohlberg's moral development
Determinism = Behaviour is controlled by genes or past experiences, we have no control over our behaviour, e.g. Casey's delay of gratification
Nature VS. Nurture
Nature argument = behaviour is influenced by genetics and biology, e.g. Baron Cohen's autism study
Nurture = behaviour is learned through learning and development, e.g. Chaney's funhaler study
Reductionism VS. Holism
Reductionism = breaks behaviour into separate parts and focuses on single factors, e.g. biology, e.g. Sperry's split brain study
Holism = wider view on behaviour, it is too complex to just focus on 1 factor, e.g. Lee et al's lying/truth rating study
Individual VS. situational
Individual = personal characteristics are the main cause of behaviour, e.g. Baron Cohen's theory of mind study (dispositional factors)
Situational = Looks at environmental context, including other people, as being the main cause of behaviour, e.g. Milgram's destructive obedience study
Idiographic VS. Nomothetic
Idiographic = "idios" meaning own or private, a social perspective to personalities, what makes each of us unique
Nomothetic = "nomos" meaning law, concerned with what we share with others and what establishes laws and generalisations, the laws of nature